Antenatal hydronephrosis is the most common congenital abnormality. The post-natal management is, however, still controversial, specifically concerning further testing, as well as and benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis. The systematic indication of performing a voiding cystourethrogram for vesicoureteral reflux screening and of prescribing antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing urinary tract infections has been increasingly questioned by recent study data. A less aggressive approach is discussed here, which is essentially based on post-natal ultrasound findings.

We herein propose an algorithm that is based on these study data.

Pyomyositis is an acute bacterial infection involving one or multiple striated muscles, potentially leading to abscess formation. Albeit being uncommon, its consequences for the patient can be severe, even fatal. Primarily described in tropical countries, this condition may also occur in temperate regions. Its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. The initiating process could be a minor muscle traumatism followed by bacterial hematogenous colonization of the muscle. Generally, its clinical presentation is insidious and unspecific, its diagnosis being challenging for the clinician. Nevertheless, a rapid diagnosis allows an early antibiotherapy to be established and complications to be prevented. The cornerstone of pyomyositis diagnosis is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with bacterial cultures from biological fluids. The main bacteria involved in this condition is Staphylococcus aureus (SA), while Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) is a toxin secreted by SA. This toxin is reported to be a virulence factor in invasive SA infections, whereas its precise role is still controversial depending on the infection site. We herein present a case of pyomyositis caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin-secreting SA, with abdominal wall involvement, in a 1-year-old boy from a tropical country who was spending his holiday in Belgium.

The screening of early-onset sepsis in asymptomatic neonates at risk of infection is challenging and remains controversial. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of standardized and optimized clinical surveillance in a targeted population of neonates at risk of infection, based on the updated Belgian recommendations.

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, caused by a defect in calcium or sodium channels. Common triggers include intense physical activity, high carbohydrate intake, and stress. These paralysis episodes usually resolve within a few hours to a few days.