Radiofrequency (RF) is a technique aimed at localized tissue destruction by means of thermal effects. Digestive endoscopy offers multiple potential applications for RF ablation, with some of which currently well-validated. One of its best indications is possibly the ablation of pancreatic insulinomas, given that this technique has revolutionized their management. This easy and simple procedure, associated with a low rate of complications, renders it possible to avoid pancreatic surgery, which is associated with a certain degree of morbidity. However, the technique’s limitations and long-term efficiency still require further validation in prospective trials.

The serendipitous detection, also called incidentaloma, of focal hypermetabolic abnormalities at 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT of the thyroid gland is relatively frequent, estimated to be around 1.5-2% of the cases investigated. The prevalence of cancer cases appears to be very low, well below 1%. Considering that PET-CT is mainly performed in patients with –sometimes advanced- cancer, it is essential to refrain from extensive workups, with often limited impact as for the patient’s prognosis. To summarize, the work-up of focal abnormalities is similar to that of the usual workup of thyroid nodules, including rigorous ultrasound evaluation and, if deemed appropriate, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, as recommended by current guidelines. In patients with diffuse uptake, a general endocrinology workup, based on clinical and laboratory data, is recommended.

Diabetic nephropathy is currently the leading cause of chronic end-stage renal disease. Its prevention is essential and implies a multidisciplinary management of the diabetic patient, as based on a strict control of blood glucose levels from the onset of diabetes, control of blood pressure, with a privileged place for either ACE inhibitors or sartans whose anti-proteinuric effect has been well demonstrated, and control of other cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, chronic kidney disease significantly increases the cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients. Recent randomized clinical trials involving the new classes of anti-diabetic agents (DPP4-inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and SGLT2-inhibitors) have demonstrated the cardiovascular protection ensured by several molecules (empaglifozin, canaglifozin, dapaglifozin, liraglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide), along with an additional nephroprotective effect shown for gliflozins, liraglutide, and semaglutide.

The results of 14 prospective randomized clinical trials designed to verify the macrovascular safety of various classes of anti-hyperglycemic agents in T2DM, such as DPP4-inhibitors, SGLT2-inhibitors, and GLP-1 receptor agonists, have confirmed their safety for use in all studies; for some molecules, such as empagliflozine, canagliflozine, dapagliflozine, liraglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide and dulaglutide, the data revealed a beneficial pleiotropic effect on the primary endpoint, usually consisting of a composite of CV death, non-fatal infarction, and non-fatal stroke.