Metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a major challenge for clinicians. Although immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of patients with ccRCC, responses remain inconsistent and often transient, ultimately leading to therapeutic resistance. As a result, new strategies have been developed involving novel molecules with innovative mechanisms of action. This review sheds light on the pathogenic mechanisms and the advances in therapeutic strategies for metastatic ccRCC.
What is already known about the topic?
Many improvements have been achieved in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
What does this article bring up for us?
It sheds light on how to optimally select the right strategy for systemic therapy.
Keywords
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma, Hypoxia-inducible Factor, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapeutic associations